Posts com a Tag ‘State University of New York Press (E)’
Recasting Culture and Space in Iberian Contexts – ROSEMAN; PAKHURST (LH)
ROSEMAN, Sharon R.; PAKHURST, Shawn S. (Eds.). Recasting Culture and Space in Iberian Contexts. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. Resenha de: FONSECA, Inês. Ler História, n.58, p. 238-243, 2010.
1 Organizado por dois antropólogos (Sharon R. Roseman, da Memorial University of Newfoundland e Shawn S. Parkhurst, da University of Louisville), este livro tem por objectivo analisar a interdependência entre as relações de poder e os processos de construção e transformação cultural, atribuindo uma centralidade aos contextos espaciais em que estes ocorrem. Para tal, conta com o contributo de vários autores consagrados que têm dedicado as suas investigações antropológicas a terrenos situados na Península Ibérica: João Leal, Brian Juan O’Neill, António Medeiros, Susan M. DiGiacomo, Oriol Pi-Sunyer, Maria Cátedra, José Manuel Sobral, Jacqueline Urla e James W. Fernandez.
2 Inicialmente, através de um olhar superficial, surgem duas objecções relativamente à organização da obra e à temática enunciada e que se prendem com as dificuldades inerentes a este tipo de colectâneas. Em primeiro lugar, porquê a selecção destes autores e não de outros (que também se ocupam do contexto da Península Ibérica), uma vez que é imediatamente visível a participação de autores nacionais ou de influência anglo-saxónica em detrimento da possível participação de autores francófonos, por exemplo, que também se ocupam da mesma àrea geográfica. E em segundo lugar, que identidade cultural e social é essa que parece ser sugerida na alusão do título ao «contexto ibérico» e na referência da introdução à «Ibéria», que unidade existe entre estes terrenos e o que é que os distingue de outros (no sul da Europa, por exemplo)? Na verdade, trata-se aqui da publicação de um conjunto de ensaios apresentados originalmente num painel do congresso da American Anthropological Association – é este o motivo inicial que confere unidade ao conjunto dos textos e que justifica a presença de cada um na publicação final. Simultaneamente, a totalidade dos artigos ganha uma coerência e um significado próprio através do texto de apresentação (escrito pelos organizadores), onde se estabelece como fio condutor da obra e denominador comum entre os artigos a questão da importância do elemento da espacialização nas configurações culturais analisadas.
3 O livro está organizado em quatro partes – 1. Espaços Coloniais e Identidades Nacionais; 2. Fascismo, Espaços Culturais e Políticas de Memória; 3. Regionalismo e Espaço e 4. Políticas Culturais e o Global – onde se observam diferentes escalas espaciais (global, nacional, regional, local) e as suas conexões, nas quais as relações entre poder e cultura se conjugam produzindo identidades e subjectividades relativamente a cada um dos espaços considerados.
4 No texto intitulado Culture and space in iberian anthropology, da autoria dos organizadores da obra, refere-se a existência de uma antropologia ibérica, conceito que temos alguma dificuldade em aceitar sem crítica e cuja definição não fica bem explicitada – trata-se de uma antropologia praticada em terrenos da Península Ibérica ou sobre temáticas especificamente relacionadas com esta delimitação geográfica? A existência desta unidade cultural e social fica por explicar. No entanto, é feita, uma excelente síntese sobre a temática principal aqui tratada: a importância do factor espacial na construção das identidas e das relações de poder.
5 Na primeira parte da colectânea, é tratada a questão da produção de identidades nacionais em contextos e espaços coloniais vs. colonizados.
6 No texto inicial, João Leal questiona a identidade nacional portuguesa na perspectiva da sua relação com dois espaços (o território nacional continental e o império). O autor começa por fazer alusão ao paradoxo da distinção (proposta por G.Stocking) entre os estudos antropológicos das «culturas primitivas» pelos países imperialistas e das «tradições e costumes populares nacionais» pelos países preocupados em construir uma unidade nacional – o caso português constitui um cúmulo das duas situações. Esse facto reflecte-se não só na cultura popular, mas também no pensamento de intelectuais e antropólogos, cujos discursos (mesmo quando se referem à construção de uma identidade nacional) incluem um sub-texto relativo ao império (sempre presente, mesmo quando escondido).
7 Por sua vez, Brian Juan O’Neill refere-se à actual construção identitária de um grupo minoritário (a comunidade Kristang) em Malaca (antiga colónia portuguesa). Esta é o resultado de uma justaposição de identidades sucessivas, recriadas em diferentes fases e obedecendo a distintas lógicas: de aproximação à cultura e identidade portuguesa, de afastamento relativamente aos malaios, de supressão de elementos não-malaios, etc. O processo culmina com a construção daquilo que o autor considera uma identidade hiperportuguesa, semelhante à das comunidades de emigrantes protugueses. Trata-se de uma tentativa por parte deste grupo em se distinguir relativamente aos grupos vizinhos próximos (geografica e culturalmente).
8 Finalmente, no último artigo deste grupo, António Medeiros refere-se ao aparelho ideológico imperialista do Estado Novo e através do estudo da exposição colonial portuguesa (celebrada em 1934, no Porto) mostra como este se preocupou em construir uma identidade nacional com base na simultaneidade de elementos distintos – através da representação do território rural português (com o folclore de algumas regiões do país – Minho e Trás-os-Montes) e da representação das colónias. Trata-se de questionar e explorar os processos de construção, por parte do regime fascista, de uma certa ideia da nacionalidade portuguesa expressa no célebre slogan «Portugal: do Minho a Timor» e que tinha como objectivo a inclusão de todas as províncias do império (do continente e ultramarinas) numa unidade.
9 Na segunda parte, são abordadas as construções de memórias daqueles que se viram forçados ao exílio ou que viveram sob regimes ditatoriais e interroga-se a contribuição de diferentes espaços culturais nesses processos.
10 No artigo de Susan M. DiGiacomo, analisam-se dois sistemas educativos, ao longo do século XX em Espanha: um de tradição progressista e de inovação pedagógica e outro de tradição conservadora e ultramontana. Ambos são analisados como metonímias dos respectivos regimes (republicano e franquista) e nesse sentido, a sala de aula é entendida como um espaço onde têm lugar relações de poder: entre dominantes e dominados e as suas respectivas visões do mundo. As memórias sobre o que foi esse espaço de poder (onde, aparentemente, apenas os dominantes dominam!) são o resultado do posicionamento de cada um face ao poder exercido (do lado dos dominados ou dos dominantes). O facto de algumas dessas memórias sobre o passado se manifestarem através do humor (como refere a autora) demonstra que a resistência é possível.
11 No texto que apresenta, Sharon R. Roseman analisa a acção da sección femenina da Falange, durante a ditadura franquista, junto dos grupos de mulheres no contexto rural da Galiza. Trata-se de uma intervenção que tem como objectivo fazer penetrar a ideologia estatal e os seus agentes numa região e junto de populações que até então tinham tido pouco contacto com o Estado Espanhol. Esta tarefa é realizada através de um esforço de modernização do estilo de vida das populações camponesas e cumpre-se através da imposição de novas práticas e actividades quotidianas relativas não só ao espaço de trabalho (os campos) como também ao espaço privado das famílias (as casas). A autora mostra-nos como, apesar de uma certa resistência manifestada pelas populações relativamente a práticas inovadoras pouco adaptadas ao seu quotidiano, a maioria das memórias sobre a sección femenina e a sua acção são positivas – no sentido de reconhecer a introdução de melhorias nas condições de vida destas populações, que o Estado fazia assim participar na sua ideologia (nomeadamente, no que diz respeito ao papel da mulher na sociedade).
12 No último artigo desta parte, Oriol Pi-Sunyer revela-nos as suas memórias relativas à infância vivida no seio de uma família republicana catalã que se viu obrigada a várias migrações (primeiro, da cidade para a província de Barcelona; depois, para França) até, finalmente, se instalar em Inglaterra. O autor refere a existência de «culturas portáteis» e conta como, durante todo o período de exílio, na sua própria família alguns elementos da cultura catalã (maneira de ver o mundo, gastronomia, idioma, etc.) foram transportados e reproduzidos (com maior ou menor dificuldade) nos vários locais por onde passaram. Por outro lado, novos elementos das culturas onde se integraram foram sendo adoptados – entre outros, ressalva a partilha da preocupação com o conflito bélico e o posicionamento da sua família contra os fascismos europeus, solidária com os franceses e ingleses. Finalmente, o autor alude a essa cultura familiar híbrida, que constitui o resultado dos diversos movimentos e exílios por que passaram, demonstrando que os processos de construção cultural e de memória social nunca ocorrem em sentido único.
13 A terceira parte desta obra centra-se na problemática dos contextos regionais e das clivagens que eles implicam (urbano-rural / norte-sul / centro-periferia).
14 No estudo de María Cátedra, o culto da Virgem de Sonsoles em Ávila e a rivalidade entre esta e a Santa Teresa de Ávila servem de pretexto para explorar a distinção urbano-rural existente na sociedade daquela cidade. Se a Santa Teresa é amplamente reconhecida, a partir do exterior, como símbolo de Ávila, enquanto que a Virgem de Sonsoles (padroeira do Valle de Amblés) tem menos notoriedade e é sobretudo uma santa daquele contexto rural, a autora interroga-se sobre a importância atribuída a esta última pelos habitantes da cidade. Através de uma descrição dos conflitos que têm existido ao longo do século XX, entre as confrarias e a hierarquia da igreja católica (no sentido de determinar quem detém a responsabilidade sobre a gestão dos assuntos da Virgem de Sonsoles) e dos vários grupos sociais envolvidos, vemos emergirem por detrás destas disputas o factor que justifica a sua existência – os interesses económicos.
15 No texto de José Manuel Sobral, o autor parte de uma série de acontecimentos das últimas 3 décadas e de alguns aspectos veiculados nos discursos populares, relativos à existência de uma conflitualidade norte-sul em Portugal, para demonstrar que se trata da herança de um discurso intelectual sobre a identidade portuguesa que cruza os factores raça e espaço. Recorrendo às obras de vários autores dos séculos XIX e XX (geógrafos, antropólogos, historiadores, escritores) que se debruçaram sobre a questão da identidade nacional, demonstra a construção de estereótipos sobre o país. Estes revelam a existência de uma primeira fase, com a presença de argumentos de carácter racial, que justificariam a divisão do país entre: o norte (de herança ariana) e o sul (de herança semítica). O autor defende que as actuais relações da região norte do país (periférica) e o centro geopolítico (considerado o sul, por oposição) – Lisboa – constituem um elemento fundamental na continuidade desse discurso sobre a divisão norte-sul que ainda hoje se verifica (nomeadamente, ao nível do comportamento dos eleitores: mais conservadores, a norte e progressistas, a sul).
16 O objecto de análise, no texto de Shawn S. Parkhurst, são as representações dos jornais regionais do Alto Douro e o modo como contribuem para a fabricação de uma homogeneidade simbólica relativa à sua região de referência. Partindo da leitura de artigos de um correspondente local, publicados em jornais regionais, refere-se a conexão entre o contexto espacial e o posicionamento social do seu autor. Neste sentido, surgem à luz do dia as tensões presentes nos diferentes níveis espaciais (a aldeia, a região, o país, a união europeia) através de uma construção identitária.
17 Na quarta parte é a relação entre o local e o global que é problematizada, através da observação das culturas políticas e da participação cívica.
18 No início do seu texto, Jacqueline Urla explicita que não pretende analisar a relação entre o local e o global enquanto par de opostos, mas no sentido de questionar aquilo que possa existir da conexão entre um e outro. Através da observação de um espaço de diversão urbano (o Kafe Antzokia) a autora revela uma transformação recentemente ocorrida na construção identitária no País Basco, pondo em evidência a relação entre os seus limites (linguísticos, espaciais e culturais) localizados e uma abertura ao pluralismo e ao global, que resulta no que parece um paradoxo: uma identidade basca cosmopolita.
19 No seu Posfácio, James W. Fernandez.revê os artigos presentes na obra e trabalha dois conceitos que os atravessam, estabelecendo a diferença entre «espaço» (enquanto entidade territorial, limitada) e «sítio» (no sentido da construção social do espaço e das significações que lhe são atribuídas).
20 Concluindo, esta obra apresenta-nos um conjunto de estudos etnográficos em torno de uma temática comum: a construção social e cultural de espaços, em diferentes contextos geográficos, sociais, culturais e históricos (desde os séculos XIX e XX até à actualidade). A perspectiva de análise adoptada – que salienta as relações de poder que estão presentes e participam nesse processo – torna-a um contributo interessante para os investigadores de diferentes domínios das ciências sociais.
Inês Fonseca – Departamento de Antropologia e CRIA – FCSH-UNL
Standing Outside on the Inside: Black Adolescents and the Construction of Academic Identity – WELCH; HODGES (CSS)
WELCH, Olga M.; HODGES, Carolyn R. Standing Outside on the Inside: Black Adolescents and the Construction of Academic Identity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. 144p. Resenha de: BECKETT, Gulbahar. Canadian Social Studies, v.37, n.1, 2002.
Standing Outside on the Inside is a report of a six-year longitudinal study conducted by Welch and Hodges. The book was introduced to me by a friend who thought it may be a good introduction to African American adolescent education as I was starting a new position in the United States. I read the book with great interest and found it to be informative, critical, and insightful.
Standing Outside on the Inside consists of an introduction and five chapters. The introductory section of the book is a presentation of research problems, the conceptual framework, research questions, and the methods applied to conduct the study as well as an overview of the five chapters. Chapter 1 is a critical discussion of many reforms designed to focus on academic preparation to promote equality of educational opportunity. It challenges the prevailing notion of academic achievement and achievement motivation with regard to African American students. It calls for a re-evaluation of such a notion in light of the school climate and students’ career aspirations. Chapters 2 through 5 report and discuss several case studies. Specifically, Chapter 2 addresses the notion of scholarship as a basis for scholar ethos. According to the authors, scholar ethos refers to an attitude of total commitment to learning, and considers its relationship to the preparation of African American students aspiring to college (p. 14). Chapter 3 presents one of several case studies on scholar ethos. It discusses a phenomenon that the authors call The Lana Turner Syndrome that emerged from their data analyses. Chapter 4 addresses the issue of underachievement through an examination of classroom climate combined with the issue of intellectual inferiority. It focuses on discussions of teacher expectation, classroom management, and instructional delivery. Chapter 5 presents an historical overview of impediments to equal access and their impact on identity construction among African American students and their academic achievement. The chapter also offers insights into and calls for alternative discourse and reconstruction of knowledge on school reform in light of findings about students’ perceptions towards Project EXCEL.
The rationale for conducting these studies was based on the authors’ concern that African American students continue to fall behind their white counterparts in terms of educational achievement after three decades of supplementary social and educational programs (e.g., Irvine, 1990). Using symbolic interactionism and critical theory perspectives, Welch and Hodges mainly wanted to know (1) whether providing an ‘enriched’ learning environment assured that disadvantaged youth would be admitted to and graduated from colleges and universities (p. 1); (2) how some southwestern American students, their parents, and teachers participating in a pre-college enrichment program called Project EXCEL interpreted the meaning, expectations, and motivations related to academic achievement (p. 7); and (3) how disadvantaged students approached academic work and how these approaches related to their definition of scholarship and to themselves as scholars. Data sources for the study included interviews with 11 EXCEL students (9 black females and 2 white females) and their parents, the student’s school records, observations of EXCEL and non-EXCEL classes, school curriculum, writing samples from students, GPA information, and admissions to colleges or vocational schools/careers.
A number of findings emerged from the data analyses. For example, an enriched learning environment for development of academic skills alone did not necessarily account for or ensure admission to or completion of college for African American adolescents. Welch and Hodges suggest that highly developed academic skills plus development of an academic self-concept may ensure success in college entrance and graduation. Second, the approach some of the students and their parents applied towards academic work was that of waiting to be discovered, a phenomenon that the authors call The Lana Turner Syndrome (p. 15). For the authors, this captures the conviction held by these students and their parents that potential alone is a more viable determinant of successful college admission and matriculation than demonstrated academic performance (p. 59). They say this is a syndrome that stifles the drive needed to sustain achievement motivation and thereby hampers development of an academic ethos because it denies the connection between efforts to excel and eventual college admission (p. 15). According to the authors, the absence of academic image in the media and in society contributes to such a syndrome because it sends a message that success in sports and entertainment are more reasonable, attainable, and desirable goals for blacks than academic achievement. Third, there was a correlation between high expectations of teachers and high achievement by the students and increased scholar ethos. That is, students whose teachers expected them to do so excelled in their studies and developed stronger study skills and more commitment to learning.
As stated earlier, this is an extremely informative, critical, and insightful book for developers and evaluators of enrichment programs as well as other educators who are interested in minority education in general and African American adolescent education in particular. However, the conclusions could have been more provocative. For instance, the book ends with a citation from Freire’s (1994) Pedagogy of Hope and the authors’ expectations of learning a great deal from an EXCEL model that they were field-testing. The quotation from Freire (1994) is as follows:
Without a minimum of hope, we cannot so much as start the struggle. But without the struggle, hope, as ontological need, dissipates, loses its bearings, and turns into hopelessness. And hopelessness can become tragic despair. Hence the need for a kind of education of hope . One of the tasks of the progressive educator, through serious, correct political analyses, is to unveil opportunities for hope no matter what the obstacles may be. After all, without hope, there is little we can do (p. 9).
If Irvine (1990) is correct in stating that after three decades of supplementary social and educational programs African American students continue to lag behind their white counterparts in their educational achievement, a pedagogy of hope seems to be inadequate. What African American adolescents need is a pedagogy of action. A pedagogy that encourages them to take action on the bases of the pride built on many glorious achievements and accomplishments of African American people, accomplishments that include the contributions they have made to world civilization in general and American civilization in particular. A pedagogy that acknowledges and takes pride in the fact that African American people have come a long way since the civil rights movement and takes action to show the achievements of not only the African American heroes in the sports and entertainment industry, but other hardworking African American heroes in all walks of life. Such pedagogy should not only acknowledge potentials and inequality, but also empower African American adolescents to take actions by learning from numerous hardworking and accomplished African American scholars, economists, entrepreneurs, and politicians and by building a strong self-esteem and scholar ethos. Only such pedagogy can empower African American adolescents with cultural capital that can be used to fight inequality and improve their own lives and eventually those of the whole African American race. This may be an issue that the authors will discuss in their next book, which I look forward to reading.
References
Freire, P. (1994). Pedagogy of hope: Reliving pedagogy of the oppressed. (R.R. Barr, Trans.). New York: Continuum.
Irvine, J.T. (1990). Black students and school failure: Policies, practices, and
prescriptions. New York: Greenwood Press.
Gulbahar Beckett – College of Education. University of Cincinnati. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
[IF]Teacher Evaluation Policy: From Accountability to Professional Development – DUKE (CSS)
DUKE, Daniel L. Ed. Teacher Evaluation Policy: From Accountability to Professional Development. New York: State University of New York Press, 1995. 203p. Resenha de: DOWSETT, Eric. Canadian Social Studies, v.35, n.4, 2001.
Teacher evaluation policies stand at a crossroads in North America. One road leads to a system created by legislators and special interest groups who push for competitive test score-driven, merit pay and incentive pay alternatives to a single salary scale. The other road leads to a system created collaboratively by educational stakeholders which follows a professional development orientation. Teacher Evaluation Policy is a scholarly work that is of value to members of teams working collaboratively to shape teacher appraisal systems. For those not involved in a collaborative effort, this text presents a clear argument for using collaborative action if the goal of improving instruction or successful school reform is ever to be realized.
The book is organized into nine chapters, with a useful index, which draw on the works of a number of authors through case studies and analysis from Britain and the United States. Duke’s introductory chapter creates the framework for the presentation of the case studies. He presents four central ideas for developing teacher evaluation systems over which policy makers have struggled in the past two decades: Accountability, Professional Development, Professionalism, and Pay for Performance.
Through the case studies, Duke demonstrates that past and future developments of teacher evaluation policies can be best understood in a political framework. Readers need to understand that change is the consequence of conflict and choice along with understanding why particular choices are made in order to make sense of policy formulations. Knowledge of the context is essential to comprehend choices which are made because teacher evaluation policies continue to evolve, even after adoption and implementation. Each of these case studies points to a generalized agreement that teacher evaluation should: 1) serve professional development as well as accountability purposes; 2) differentiate between new and experienced teachers; 3) include training for teacher evaluators; 4) provide extended periods for professional development; 5) be shaped by local school systems; and 6) avoid direct links to pay for performance schemes.
The book concludes with a cross-case analysis of the accounts which presents the conditions for creating new thinking about educational accountability and, with it, new changes in teacher evaluations. It is clear that the dual needs of accountability and improvement are not met through an individually focused accountability system. This new thinking represents an historic shift from a relatively exclusive focus on individual accountability to a combination of individual accountability and professional development. This shift is a result of people’s dissatisfaction with traditional teacher evaluation systems. Duke predicts that the evaluation of individual teachers, especially veteran teachers, will concentrate on professional development. The goal of accountability, on the other hand, will be addressed in ways other than the summative evaluation of individual teachers. Duke uses an analogy of a bomb disposal unit, where self-interest merges with collective interest, as an example of the type of challenge which fosters collective accountability. Successful schools of tomorrow will have a school culture that accepts collective accountability making everyone responsible for teacher development through a community of learners.
As a school administrator who has struggled with teacher evaluation and its role in school improvement, I appreciate the synthesis of research presented in this book. It validates a number of issues and concerns that have been experienced at the site-based level. The case studies afford the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of other’s experiences and draw parallels to one’s own situation. For those who wish a less detailed yet effective approach to the main ideas, one could read Chapters 1, 2, 8 and 9 to obtain a sense of where teacher evaluation policies need to be directed and still have a good grasp of this evolving field of school improvement.
Eric Dowsett – Neelin High School. Brandon, Manitoba.
[IF]Iroquois Corn in a Culture-Based Curriculum: A Framework for Respectfully Teaching About Culture – CORNELIUS (CSS)
CORNELIUS, Carol. Iroquois Corn in a Culture-Based Curriculum: A Framework for Respectfully Teaching About Cultures. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999. 294.p. Resenha de: BRADLEY, Jon G. Canadian Social Studies, v.35, n.1, 2000.
“The greater the ignorance the greater the dogmatism.”
Sir William Osler, 1902, Montreal Medical Journal
As I entered the staff room, I became an unintended participant in a mini-drama that was unfolding with all the fury and vitriol that such heated staff room debates can generate. The two teachers, standing toe to toe, were exchanging what any pupil would recognize as ‘those looks.’ Clearly, my unexpected entry had interrupted their oral exchange. Once determined that I was not of the school or of the Board and, in fact, was an outsider from the university, I became their self-elected referee. A winner and, thereby a loser, had to be determined and I had been chosen to render judgement!
Briefly, the two elementary teachers were arguing philosophies of education and, as we all know, this is in and of itself dangerous to do within school grounds. Teacher 1 had just erected her monthly hallway bulletin board display of grade five student work around the theme of Northland Indians. Teacher 2 had just seen the display and had commented to Teacher 1 that some of the pupils’ written and pictorial perceptions about native peoples were inaccurate. Additionally, Teacher 2 had apparently forcefully indicated that such “insensitive” and “ignorant” depictions had to be immediately removed. Teacher 1, as one might expect, took great personal umbrage to this criticism and had rebutted that pupil opinion was valid and it was not up to Teacher 2 to force her own ‘narrow’ beliefs on others. Enter the innocent university visitor.
“No matter what grade level – kindergarten to college level – whether in history, literature, or social studies, the stereotypes, omissions, and distortions about American Indians continue to pervade educational materials. What is the basis, the underlying assumption behind these images of the noble savage, savage savage, or the vanishing race?” (17).
Cornelius has written a most thought-provoking and, at times, disturbing book. This is not a volume for the faint-hearted! Cornelius asks some terribly important questions and openly challenges what many North Americans might well consider to be ‘truths’ and ‘facts’ about the First Nations peoples. Additionally, several precepts concerning general curriculum foundations and design are challenged by Cornelius. Unlike many other volumes that centrally seek a more literate or a more academically knowledgeable teacher, Cornelius asks the more difficult and deeply fundamental questions related to how minority groups are portrayed within our educational system. To a certain extent, Cornelius suggests that Native studies can only be accomplished with dignity if one operates from an assumption of cultural equality.
Basing her reflections on her own personal-practical knowledge as well as using the Haudenosaunee culture as a touch-stone, Cornelius creatively and delicately strips away imposed curriculum designs to reveal another that is deeply rooted in mystical pasts and cultural depths. Metaphorically centering the cultural dimension upon the power and spirit of corn, she deftly intertwines historical and contemporary issues so as to illustrate a multicultural curriculum in the making. Cornelius does not simply state or attempt to make a case for better, more or nicer native curriculum; rather, she offers the reader a grounded philosophical framework that emanates directly from the culture itself. In a sense, the reader is taken on a winding journey that weaves history and curriculum together in a meaningful entity and, in the process, forces the reader to confront the surfacing contradictions.
Iroquois Corn in a Culture-Based Curriculum provides educators at all levels with a model for curriculum development. This is a model that emphasizes cultural strengths and clearly offers an alternative to schema that suggest there is a dominant culture to which all others must be subservient.
Jon G. Bradley – McGill University, Montreal.
[IF]Teacher Evaluation Policy: From Accountability to Professional Development – DUKE (CSS)
DUKE, Daniel L. Ed. Teacher Evaluation Policy: From Accountability to Professional Development. New York: State University of New York Press, 1995. 203p. Resenha de: DOWSETT, Eric. Canadian Social Studies, v.35, n.1, 2000.
Teacher evaluation policies stand at a cross-roads in North America. One road leads to a system created by legislators and special interest groups who push for competitive test score-driven, merit-pay and incentive-pay alternatives to a single salary scale. The other road leads to a system created collaboratively by educational stake-holders which follows a professional development orientation. Teacher Evaluation Policy is a scholarly work that is of value to members of teams working collaboratively to shape teacher appraisal systems. For those not involved in a collaborative effort, this text presents a clear argument for using collaborative action if the goal of improving instruction or successful school reform is ever to be realized.
The book is organized into nine chapters, with a useful index, which draw on the work of a number of authors through case studies and analysis from Britain and the United States. Duke’s introductory chapter creates the framework for the presentation of the case studies. He presents four central ideas for developing teacher evaluation systems over which policy makers have struggled in the past two decades: Accountability, Professional Development, Professionalism, and Pay for Performance.
Through the case studies, Duke demonstrates that past and future developments of teacher evaluation policies can be best understood in a political framework. Readers need to understand that change is the consequence of conflict and choice along with understanding why particular choices are made in order to make sense of policy formulations. Knowledge of the context is essential to comprehend choices which are made because teacher evaluation policies continue to evolve, even after adoption and implementation. Each of these case studies point to a generalized agreement “that teacher evaluation should: 1) serve professional development as well as accountability purposes; 2) differentiate between new and experienced teachers; 3) include training for teacher evaluators; 4) provide extended periods for professional development; 5) be shaped by local school systems; and 6) avoid direct links to pay for performance schemes” (174).
The book concludes with a cross-case analysis of the accounts which presents the conditions for creating new thinking about educational accountability and, with it, new changes in teacher evaluations. It is clear that the dual needs of accountability and improvement are not met through an individually focused accountability system. This new thinking represents an historic shift from a relatively exclusive focus on individual accountability to a combination of individual accountability and professional development. This shift is a result of people’s dissatisfaction with traditional teacher evaluation systems. Duke predicts that the evaluation of individual teachers, especially veteran teachers, will concentrate on professional development. The goal of accountability, on the other hand, will be addressed in ways other than the summative evaluation of individual teachers. Duke uses an analogy of a bomb disposal unit, where self-interest merges with collective interest, as an example of the type of challenge which fosters collective accountability. Successful schools of tomorrow will have a school culture that accepts collective accountability making everyone responsible for teacher development through a community of learners.
As a school administrator who has struggled with teacher evaluation and its role in school improvement, I appreciate the synthesis of research presented in this book. It validates a number of issues and concerns that have been experienced at the site-based level. The case studies afford the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of other’s experiences and draw parallels to one’s own situation. For those who wish a less detailed yet effective approach to the main ideas, one could read Chapters 1, 2, 8 and 9 to obtain a sense of where teacher evaluation policies need to be directed and still have a good grasp of this evolving field of school improvement.
Eric Dowsett – Neelin High School. Brandon, Manitoba.
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